什么是慢性阻塞性肺病?
慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)是一个医学术语,用来描述一种肺部疾病,这种疾病会导致呼吸道狭窄和阻塞,从而导致呼吸困难。[1]
当这个术语被分解时,你可以看到它的定义是如何得到它的含义的:
慢性: 一种长期持续的、难以治愈(或根除)的状况
阻塞性: 肺部的气道变窄,阻塞或堵塞,使其难以将空气排出
与肺部有关的:影响肺部的疾病
疾病:一种公认的医疗状况
慢性阻塞性肺病可被描述为气道疾病(慢性支气管炎)和/或 气囊疾病(肺气肿)。
- 慢性支气管炎: 慢性支气管炎的诊断是当一个人长时间(数月或数年)有咳嗽症状,咳嗽出痰,也被称为痰或粘液。它通常是由吸烟引起的,但从不吸烟的人,如果工作或生活在吸入灰尘、生物质燃料(如柴火)、化学烟雾或家庭取暖和烹饪的地方,也可能患有慢性支气管炎。胃食管反流病(通常称为GERD)也与这种诊断有关。
慢性支气管炎是由支气管(气道)的刺激和炎症引起的,支气管负责通过肺部输送空气。这些管子膨胀并沿着内壁产生粘液积聚。通常情况下,纤毛管中细小的毛发状结构有助于将粘液移出气道,但有时它们的作用并不好。这会导致粘液塞的积聚,使咳嗽变得困难,有时还会使空气更难进出肺部。患有慢性支气管炎的人也可能有胸痛或腹痛的症状。
- 肺气肿 :肺气肿只能通过肺部影像学检查(如 CT 扫描)来诊断。这些检查显示,支气管末端的肺部小气囊(称为肺泡)的壁受到损坏,这会导致肺泡过度膨胀。肺泡通常在将氧气输送到血液和过滤二氧化碳方面发挥着关键作用。肺气肿会随着时间的推移而发展,并且不是每个患有早期肺气肿的人都会出现症状,但肺气肿会使呼吸困难,因为扩大的气囊将空气滞留在肺部。通过肺功能测试来诊断空气潴留。
全世界约有380亿人患有慢性阻塞性肺病。它是仅次于心脏病和中风的第三大死因。[2]
如果您患有慢性阻塞性肺病,呼吸会逐渐变得困难。慢性阻塞性肺病会逐渐严重,这意味着对肺部的损害无法逆转,并且可能会恶化。治疗、药物治疗和生活方式调整可以帮助您学会更有效地管理它,控制症状,并可能减缓慢性阻塞性肺病的发展。
有用资源
- COPD患者章程
- 患者赋权指南
- 患者验证的科学证据
- 为慢性阻塞性肺病发声
- Asthma + Lung UK(英国哮喘协会和英国肺部基金会合并而成的独立公益机构)
- 慢性阻塞性肺病基金会
- 欧洲联盟哮喘和过敏症协会(EFA)
- 国际呼吸初级保健组织(IPCRG)
- 荷兰肺部基金会(Longfonds)
案例
1. GOLD. Global Strategy for Prevention, Diagnosis and Management of COPD: 2024 Report. GOLD webpage. Published November 2023. Accessed November 28, 2023. https://goldcopd.org/2024-gold-report/
2. Adeloye D, Song P, Zhu Y, et al. Global, regional, and national prevalence of, and risk factors for, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in 2019: a systematic review and modelling analysis. Lancet Respir Med. 2022;10(5):447-458. doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(21)00511-7
3. Stolz D, Mkorombindo T, Schumann DM, et al. Towards the elimination of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a Lancet Commission. Lancet. 2022;400(10356):921-972. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01273-9
4. GOLD. Global Strategy for Prevention, Diagnosis and Management of COPD: 2024 Report. GOLD webpage. Published November 2023. Accessed November 28, 2023. https://goldcopd.org/2024-gold-report/
5. Syamlal G, Kurth LM, Dodd KE, Blackley DJ, Hall NB, Mazurek JM. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Mortality by Industry and Occupation — United States, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2022; 71:1550–1554. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7149a3.
6. NHS. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Causes. NHS Website. Updated April 11, 2023. Accessed November 8, 2023. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-copd/causes/
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9. Alpha-1 Foundation. What is Alpha-1? Alpha-1 Foundation website. Accessed 8 November 2023. https://alpha1.org/what-is-alpha1/
10. Stockley JA, Stockley RA, Sapey E. There is no fast track to identify fast decliners in Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency by spirometry: a longitudinal study of repeated measurements. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2021;16:835–840. doi:10.2147/COPD.S298585
11. Franciosi AN, Alkhunaizi MA, Woodsmith A, Aldaihani L, Alkandari H, Lee SE, Fee LT, McElvaney NG, Carroll TP. Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency and Tobacco Smoking: Exploring Risk Factors and Smoking Cessation in a Registry Population. COPD. 2021 Feb;18(1):76-82. doi: 10.1080/15412555.2020.1864725. Epub 2021 Feb 9.
12. Rabe KF, Rennard S, Martinez FJ, et al. Targeting Type 2 Inflammation and Epithelial Alarmins in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Biologics Outlook. Am J Respir Crit Care Med。 2023;208(4):395-405. doi:10.1164/rccm.202303-0455CI
13. GOLD. Global Strategy for Prevention, Diagnosis and Management of COPD: 2024 Report. GOLD webpage. Published November 2023. Accessed November 28, 2023. https://goldcopd.org/2024-gold-report/
14. Tarín-Carrasco P, Im U, Geels C, Palacios-Peña L, Jiménez-Guerrero P. Contribution of fine particulate matter to present and future premature mortality over Europe: A non-linear response. Environ Int. 2021;153:106517. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2021.106517
15. Stolz D, Mkorombindo T, Schumann DM, et al. Towards the elimination of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a Lancet Commission. Lancet. 2022;400(10356):921-972. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01273-9
16. Ho T, Cusack RP, Chaudhary N, Satia I, Kurmi OP. Under- and over-diagnosis of COPD: a global perspective. Breathe (Sheff). 2019;15(1):24-35. doi:10.1183/20734735.0346-2018
17. Lindenauer PK, Stefan MS, Pekow PS, et al. Association Between Initiation of Pulmonary Rehabilitation After Hospitalization for COPD and 1-Year Survival Among Medicare Beneficiaries. JAMA. 2020;323(18):1813-1823. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.4437
18. Bogachkov, YY. Pulmonary Rehabilitation Eases Symptoms, Improves Quality of Life. COPD News Today. Published 3 March 2022. Accessed 8 November 2023. https://copdnewstoday.com/news/pulmonary-rehabilitation-eases-copd-symptoms-improves-life-quality/
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